Civil procedure – extension of writ validity – protective extensions where service is disputed – inherent jurisdiction to prevent injustice – Order 6 r.8 principles (Kleinwort Benson) – balance of prejudice – technical irregularity not automatically fatal.

Res judicata; abuse of process (Henderson v Henderson); issue estoppel; privity of interest; misfeasance in public office; strike out under Ord. 18 r.19; appropriate remedy (judicial review v damages).

Criminal law – Circumstantial evidence – Drawing inferences from primary facts; Mens rea – inference of intention to kill from nature of wound and facts; Expert/scientific evidence – role as part of whole-case assessment; Late disclosure/recall of witness statements – admissibility and prejudice; Post‑offence conduct – admissibility, need to balance probative value against prejudicial effect and to consider innocent explanations; Lies as evidence – application of Lucas direction; Application of the Proviso where inadmissible evidence was admitted but verdict inevitable.

Administrative/fiduciary duty – Ministerial duty when effecting land transfers – obligation to obtain current valuation where prior valuation has expired or where material change may have occurred. Evidence/interpretation – significance of typographical errors in quoted documents and their potential to alter legal conclusions. Remedies – corrigendum to judgment to correct wording and clarify findings.

Interim payments (Order 29 r.10–11) – personal injury – high civil standard of proof that plaintiff would obtain substantial damages against a particular defendant – evidence required (medical reports, special damages) – multiple defendants and apportionment – non-compliance with procedural directions not per se fatal.

• Crown land allocation – Crown Land Policy – CPLs vs freehold transfers – delegated ministerial authority • Fiduciary duty of minister – distinction between disloyalty (breach) and mere incompetence or error • Dishonest assistance (accessory liability) – elements: fiduciary duty and breach, assistance, and dishonesty (objective test) • Evidence – hearsay in civil proceedings admissible under Evidence (Special Provisions) Act; non-compliance affects weight • Valuation and equitable compensation – assessable loss must flow from breach; speculative development valuations not controlling where land undevelopable/nature reserve

Beach and Coastal Vending Act 2021 — enforcement — vending zones — operation outside permitted zones — discretionary enforcement by Beach Patrol Unit — limits of mandamus where enforcement is ineffective but not wholly refused; public authority resource/ impossibility defenses.

Constitutional law — discrimination (sexual orientation) — sections 7, 9, 16 — interpretation of “spouse” in Immigration Ordinance to include foreign same‑sex marriages — section 10 as lex specialis on right to marry — remedial powers under section 21(2) — courts may fashion effective relief — costs: appellate review of discretionary costs orders (plainly wrong test).

Abuse of process – stay applications; Disclosure obligations – materiality and relevance; DNA evidence – admissibility, contradictory reports, and jury directions; Circumstantial evidence and no‑case submissions; Procedural irregularities and material irregularity test; Joint enterprise and good‑character directions.

Family law – custody and day‑to‑day care – welfare and best interests under Family Law Act – welfare checklist and children’s wishes Child welfare – evidence from social services, psychological assessments and Magistrate’s findings weighed in custody decision Siblings – principle against separation unless necessary; holistic welfare balancing exercise Joint custody – maintained while day‑to‑day care and control awarded to respondent